Feedlot

From the fields and feedlots, food is transported to facilities, where more fossil fuel, more water, more chemicals, and electricity are used to process and package the food.

From: Ecology Diet , 2019

Overview of cattle production systems

Marcia I. Endres , Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein , in Advances in Cattle Welfare, 2018

1.3.three Feedlot product system

The feedlot sector represents an intensive production organization with the goal of growing and or fattening cattle until they achieve slaughter weight. The feedlot sector can be further divided into growing (backgrounding) and finishing (fattening) phases. In North America the backgrounding stage (typically the offset xc days later arrival for feedlot calves) focuses on feeding loftier-forage/low-grain rations with the goal of maximizing growth and minimizing fat deposition. Welfare issues in the backgrounding phase tin can include injuries during treatment associated with revaccination and implant protocols, too as increased morbidity due to the stressors related to transition from the ranch to the feedlot indicated earlier. The finishing phase (typically the final 100 days afterward backgrounding) focuses on feeding high-grain/low-forage rations to backgrounded calves or yearlings until they reach a prescribed finish (fat embrace) before marketing for slaughter. Welfare issues in the fattening phase are predominantly related to the feeding and include free gas bloat, acidosis, liver abscesses, and laminitis, all of which are associated with high concentrate feeding typical in Northward America and Europe. Some feedlots focus solely on either backgrounding or finishing, however, it is not uncommon to have i feedlot feed calves from growth to terminate. Some ranches have their ain feedlot facilities where cattle are bred and finished for slaughter by the aforementioned producer, but this is less common. Although pasture finishing is the most predominant system in Brazil, a growing pct of cattle are being finished in feedlots (approximately the last 70 days before slaughter) where they are fed a diet with higher fodder content than North American cattle ( Millen et al., 2009).

Both the background and finishing (fattening) phases of the feedlot sector employ the same housing and facilities. The phases are divers more past the type of cattle and how they are fed rather than the way they are housed. Consequently, the following description will embrace the environmental/housing conditions of both and will exist referred to as 'feedlot product' in this section.

Feedlot production represents an intensive confinement arrangement that has loftier input costs (compared with suckler calf and stocker production) associated with extensive infrastructure, feeding, medical, and labor costs. There are two types of feedlots, outdoor and indoor. The outdoor feedlot is suited for drier climates (Fig. ane.25). In addition to animal comfort, indoor facilities also function to keep feed and bedding dry. It is for these reasons that in wetter climates cattle are housed indoors or in partially enclosed shelters or barns. The principal divergence between indoor and outdoor lots is that indoor feedlots are much smaller and agree fewer cattle per pen simply at college stocking density. They ordinarily have slatted floors so the manure can to fall through to a holding pit (Fig. ane.26A). The indoor facility, equally is implied, has a roof and side walls (solid or curtains) that can be opened when weather is moderate (Fig. i.26B). With the exception of these features, indoor and outdoor facilities are very similar.

Figure 1.25. Outdoor feedlot facility.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure one.26. (A) Fully enclosed (indoor) feedlot facility with slatted floors and (B) semi open feedlot facility.

 Source: (A) Photo courtesy of Dr Derek Haley. (B) Photograph courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

In temperate climates both indoor and outdoor feedlots typically have barns for handling and processing cattle (known as processing barns). The barns contain pens and treatment equipment such equally belongings pens (Fig. 1.27), a crowd tub and curved or direct chute (Fig. 1.28) that leads to a clasp chute (Fig. i.29) where the cattle can be restrained to receive vaccinations or other medical treatments. The befouled tin can be completely or partially closed which is more than for the condolement of the feedlot staff than the animals. In tropical climates, barns are non as common and unremarkably simply consist of the handling components of the facility such every bit the crowd pen, chutes, and clasp chutes. European feedlots have minimal treatment equipment or infrastructure such as fundamental treatment alleys which makes treatment a welfare effect for both the cattle and the stock attendants.

Effigy 1.27. Case of a central handling alley with holding pens.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure 1.28. An case of a crowd tub and curved chute inside a processing barn.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure 1.29. A squeeze chute used to restrain cattle for the delivery of vaccinations or medical treatments.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

A typical outdoor feedlot has perimeter equally well as internal fencing. In temperate climates, porosity fencing is constructed to reduce the effects of wind chill (Fig. 1.30). Oestrus stress can exist more severe in feedlot environments where cattle may take picayune admission to shade, are in close proximity to other cattle and take high estrus loads associated with rumen fermentation. It is for these reasons that rut stress abatement strategies are used in hotter regions and include sprinklers or shade structures within the pens. For instance, every year hundreds of cattle die during heat waves in the U.s.a. where daily and evening temperatures are similar and cattle have no way of dissipating their heat load.

Figure 1.xxx. Outdoor feedlot with perimeter and porosity fencing.

 Source: Photograph courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

All feedlots have feed troughs/bunks lined forth 1 side of the pen where feed can be delivered commonly past trucks or tractors (Fig. 1.31). Bunks go on feed from beingness scattered and minimize contamination from manure and mud. Feed bunks tin exist made of woods, metal or concrete and often have a concrete apron in front of them and then that cattle can stand on a level surface while feeding (Fig. 1.31). Each pen contains a h2o trough that is usually automatic and a raised dirt mound or sloped surface area where harbinger or wood flake bedding can exist spread. The mound or sloped surface area supplies an area where cattle can lie downward particularly when the pens go excessively muddied during rainy or snow thaw periods (Fig. 1.32). Depending on the size of the pen, cattle are housed in groups ranging in size from l to 350 head. Pens are graded to a slope that allows drainage. In both indoor and outdoor systems welfare may be compromised as a outcome of dirty pen conditions. In comparison to pasture conditions in that location is an increased incidence of lameness and injury considering mud creates slippery weather and facilitates spread of infectious claw-related disease such equally foot rot or digital dermatitis (Stokka et al., 2001). There is express research on beef cattle lameness in feedlots with concrete or slatted floors. However, hook health appears better for beefiness cattle kept in straw yards or deep litter rather than on slatted floors (Tessitore et al., 2009). Mud also makes locomotion more difficult and results in greater energy expenditure and can also affect heat loss. There is besides evidence that cattle lying behavior may be affected past mud. Overall motility may be more limited within a feedlot pen versus on pasture as a issue of college stocking density and available infinite per animal every bit well as the effects of excessive mud which is known to limit ambulation within the pen.

Figure one.31. Feed bunks with concrete apron in an outdoor feedlot.

 Source: Photo courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Figure 1.32. Dirt mounds or slopped areas are used to provide drier areas in outdoor feedlots.

 Source: Photograph courtesy of Dr Karen Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081009383000012

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF ALTERNATIVE Beef PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN COLORADO

Gerald M. Ward , ... Terence P. Yorks , in Agriculture and Energy, 1977

Feedlot model

Feedlots are totally dependent upon harvested feed ingredients from the crop production model. 3 rations were considered. The daily feed ingredients in the rations on a dry-matter basis for a typical 825 lb boilerplate weight of beef creature are given in Table 4. The expected boilerplate daily gains are 3.0 lb/day for rations 1 and two, and just 2.1 lb/day for ration 3.

Table 4. Rations for Feedlot Cattle. (Lb/head/day, for beef cattle of 825 lb average weight.)

Ingredient Ration 1 Ration 2 Ration iii
Corn grain 18.0 – –
Flaked corn – 16.0 –
Beet lurid pellets – 2.0 –
Soybean repast 1.0 1.0 i.0
Corn silage (dry wt) 2.four one.8 12.0
Alfalfa hay – – 2.0

Three basic weight intervals for beef production were considered in the model. Calves produced by the rangeland models weigh 440 lb. The backgrounding stage feeds the cattle until a 715 lb weight. The final finishing phase raises the weight to 1100 lb. The higher up daily rations are converted into full rations needed to raise the weight from 440 to 715 lb and from 715 to 1100 lb. National Enquiry Council guidelines [25] are used in the conversion. Feed processing varies with the ration so that split up activities are available for grinding and flaking operations.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124542501500344

Nutrition, feeding and management of beef cattle in intensive and extensive production systems

Tim A. McAllister , ... Gabriel Ribeiro , in Animal Agronomics, 2020

Finishing

Finishing feedlots are larger than backgrounding feedlots and commonly house >10,000 head of cattle, with 150–200 animals per pen ( Fig. 5.1). Unlike backgrounding diets, finishing feedlot diets contain high amounts of concentrate feeds (>lxx%) and are designed to increase both subcutaneous and intramuscular (marbling) fatty. To avoid digestive disturbances, like ruminal acidosis and bloat, calves must exist carefully transitioned from fodder-based to concentrate-based diets during finishing. This process commonly requires a series of 2–4 diets, where the amount of concentrate feeds is gradually increased over a menstruation of 2–four   weeks. Reducing the duration of adaptation to less than 2 weeks tin impair the growth performance of cattle. 26 This transition period is the fourth dimension when cattle are at greatest hazard of developing acidosis or bloat. When cattle first arrive at finishing feedlots they are typically provided with access to a total mixed ration (TMR) receiving diet, consisting primarily of forage and a smaller proportion of concentrate. Initially, the feed intake of newly arrived cattle tin can be very depression and some cattle may not consume feed. 27 The introduction of the final high-concentrate diet is typically withheld until all cattle accept settled into confinement and exhibit consequent and stable feed intake.

Sharp diet change from forage to grain has been reported by many researchers to result in ruminal acidosis. 7 Even when dietary concentrate is increased using a step-up approach, increases in concentrate may cause acidosis. On the start day of each transition, low ruminal pH values are common and Klopfenstein et al. 28 ended that during accommodation, information technology is likely that all cattle feel at least some balmy level of acidosis. In contrast, Bevans et al. 29 achieved this aforementioned objective using a unmarried diet and encountered only a few cases of clinical acidosis. Others have proposed that subclinical acidosis is mainly caused by the loftier ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids arising from the fermentation of starch. thirty Low ruminal pH also reduces the diversity of both bacteria and protozoa within the rumen microbiome, 31,32 an consequence that is also associated with a reduction in fiber digestibility. 33 A shorter adaptation period to grain-based diets tends to be associated with greater variability in pH among individuals every bit opposed to an accented pH decline. 29 Under these atmospheric condition a small proportion of the herd, typically < 2% may develop clinical acidosis. The risk of clinical acidosis and the occurrence of subclinical acidosis can be reduced by increasing the proportion or lowering the quality of the provender in the diet. 34 This serves to reduce the rate of ruminal volatile fat acid production and stimulates rumination and the production of saliva, which contains sodium bicarbonate that buffers ruminal pH. Skillful feeding management can minimize both the occurrence and severity of acidosis, merely every bit long as feedlot cattle are finished on high-grain diets, acidosis will pose a health risk. A detailed understanding of clinical acidosis has been hampered past its low rate of occurrence and the multitude of factors that contribute to the disease (Fig. 5.2).

Fig. 5.two. Possible factors and interrelationships affecting acidosis in feedlot cattle. Solid arrows indicate relationships known to exist with a high degree of confidence, whereas dotted arrows represent putative relationships.

 Adapted from Galyean ML, Eng KS. Application of enquiry findings and summary of research needs - bud britton memorial symposium on metabolic disorders of feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci. 1998;76:323–327.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128170526000057

Feedlot Vaccination Protocols

Janey L. Gordon , Daniel U. Thomson , in Food Animal Exercise (Fifth Edition), 2009

CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES

Clostridial illness in feedlots may be rare considering of the extensive use of clostridial vaccines in cattle before entering the feedlot. All the same, clostridial diseases that tin can constitute in the feedlot include cancerous edema (Clostridium septicum), blackleg (Clostridium chauvoei), black disease (Clostridium novyi type B), redwater disease (C. novyi blazon D), enterotoxemia (C. perfringens blazon D), bacillary hemoglobinuria (Clostridium hemolyticum), and tetanus (Clostridium tetani). 50,51 Some clostridial vaccinations have been associated with injection-site lesions, so concerns accept developed for prudent apply of these vaccines. Despite the potential for injection-site lesions, the 1994 National Fauna Health Monitoring Arrangement report indicated that 34.four% of feedlots with fewer than m head used clostridial vaccines, whereas 91% of larger feedlots vaccinated against 1 or more clostridial agents. To respond to the topic on injection-site lesions with clostridial vaccines, the National Cattlemen'due south Beef Clan's Beef Quality Balls task force released recommendations, which include the use of subcutaneous injections whenever possible. Furthermore, after the master immunization with clostridial bacterins, repeat or multiple injections should exist discontinued, especially late in the feeding menstruation.

A common consensus among feedlot veterinarians is to administer a clostridial vaccine to calves on inflow. All the same, it is probably not advantageous to administer more than one clostridial vaccine later arrival to the feedlot. Several studies have shown detrimental effects on feedlot performance after a booster of clostridial vaccine. One such study reported a twenty% decrease in feed consumption in response to a second vaccination with a multivalent vaccine. 52 Additionally, another report indicated there was no effect on the incidence of sudden expiry syndrome afterward a second vaccination. xix

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416035916101253

Biotechnological Approaches to Amend Sustainable Milk and Meat Yield in Bovines

Cristina Castillo , ... Joaquín Hernández , in Reference Module in Food Science, 2017

Due north-Derivatives Control

Reactive nitrogen from feed yards could negatively influence the air and water quality in the event of volatilization of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and leaching and runoff of nitrate (NOthree −), or other forms of organic and inorganic North. The review performed past Waldrip et al. (2015a) offers current evaluation methods to mitigate losses of N from feed yards, identifying the gaps that require farther research. According to this information, there are key factors to study: feed 1000 manure management and cattle diet.

•

Nitrogen-remainder studies showed that only about 15% of the N flow through a feed yard remains in animal tissue (average of 25   k animal mean solar day-1), and that well-nigh of the N (44%) was lost to the atmosphere or as runoff, whereas simply 41% was removed with harvested manure.

•

Dietary concentration of proteins and its ruminal degradation were the primary factors affecting the quantity and route of excretion (urine vs. carrion) of N by beef cattle.

In relation to ammonia (NHthree) other review of Waldrip et al. (2015b) reports the state of the science concerning feed 1000 NH3 and evaluate methods to mitigate their losses. Briefly, the review shows the following:

•

Up to 90% of feed yard NH3 originates from urine deposited in animal pens, but the magnitude of this loss depends on both conditions and management practices

•

Feed k NH3 emissions are higher in summertime than winter, largely considering of increased temperature

•

Both urea excretion and subsequent NHthree emission increased with dietary protein concentration

The authors describe that managing cattle diets to run into, but non exceed, metabolic protein requirements is the near practical way to reduce N losses; nonetheless, diets must be inverse advisedly to avoid unintended negative consequences on animal product. Other possible mitigation approaches are (1) dietary manipulation to subtract Due north excretion, (2) inhibition of urea hydrolysis, and (3) capture of ionic ammonium in manure with pen-surface amendments (e.m., urease inhibitors, alum, and zeolites).

To stop this section, information technology is clear that manure management systems that prevent pollution and minimize avoiding CHiv emissions are becoming increasingly attractive. Anaerobic digestion results in the production of biogas that can be used equally a renewable source of electricity on-farm or sold to the distribution grid. Anaerobic digestion can also reduce GHG emissions, odors, and h2o contamination. Digested manure solids tin can be recycled on-farm as bedding material, thus decreasing operational expenses (Arikan et al., 2015).

On the other hand, nanotechnology-enabled catalysts will play a disquisitional part in efficient and cost effective bioconversion and fuel cell for electricity product equally well equally enabling efficient energy storage, which will greatly facilitate and benefit the development of distributed free energy supplies, peculiarly in rural communities where infrastructure is defective. Such an approach may result in the elimination of the need for system-wide electricity grids, hence accelerating rural development and improving productivity, business and living surround, and will be especially benign to developing countries (Thornton, 2010; Chen and Yada, 2011).

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B9780081005965212882

PRESLAUGHTER HANDLING | Blueprint of Stockyards, Lairages, Corrals, Races, Chutes, and Loading Ramps

T. Grandin , in Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences (Second Edition), 2014

Layout of Stockyards

The best stockyards have one-way traffic through the yards. Animals enter through one alley and leave to go to the stunner through an alley that is at the other stop of the pen. Pens tin be laid out either directly or on an bending (herringbone). Angled pens work well only they must be laid out correctly. The correct bending for all species is pens on a threescore–80° bending (Effigy three). Never utilise a 45° angle. Animals might go stuck in the corners. To further eliminate corners, gates can be built that are longer than the width of the aisle and then that they open on an bending. The recommended alley and gate lengths are:

•

Cattle – 10   ft (3   thousand) alley with 12   ft (3.v   1000) gates

•

Pigs and sheep – viii   ft (2.5   m) alley with 10   ft (three   m) gates

Some plants use narrower alleys for pigs. When narrow alleys are used, pigs should exist moved in much smaller groups of 10 or less.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012384731700252X

Growth curves and growth patterns

Steven G. Lonergan , ... Dennis N. Marple , in The Science of Animate being Growth and Meat Engineering (2nd Edition), 2019

Feedlot Management Concepts for the Production and Marketing Plan

Every bit cattle in the feedlot approach harvest time, real-time ultrasound measurements can be used to help the feedlot direction brand good marketing decisions. The three criteria used in the study to establish the genetic base for choice of quality cattle for the feedlots should be used in the decision procedure on when to send the feedlot cattle to the packer for the harvest process. The three criteria are every bit follows:

1.

Live weight: When cattle reach a weight on the growth curve where average daily gains kickoff to dull, it is a good time to use the existent-time ultrasound scans to approximate the carcass traits. This is usually 30 days or about 100 pounds before expected harvest. The live weight of the cattle should exist obtained at this time. When the live weight is obtained, the carcass weight of the cattle can exist estimated by multiplying the live weight by the estimated dressing percentage (61.5%–63.5%). Marketing cattle at an acceptable weight range is important for obtaining a practiced market place price. Acceptable carcass weights usually range from 600 to 950 pounds. Individual packing companies may deviate slightly from this range.

ii.

Subcutaneous fat cover: When the live weights of the cattle are obtained, real-time ultrasound measurements for the subcutaneous fat encompass should be obtained at the 12th–13th rib surface area. The fat thickness is a major factor for the determination of the USDA Yield grade. The relationships are presented in Table 6.2. This information can exist used past the feedlot direction on when to market the cattle to obtain a practiced marketplace price and not overfeed the cattle. Feeding cattle to a weight where excess waste matter fat is deposited not only reduces the market value simply also reduces the feed efficiency of the cattle in the feedlot.

Table 6.two. Relationship between fat thickness at the 12th rib and USDA preliminary yield class for cattle

Fatty cover (in.) Preliminary Yield grade
0.2 2.five
0.4 3.0
0.6 3.5
0.8 4.0
3.

Percent intramuscular fat: The intramuscular fat percentage should also be determined by real-time ultrasound when the cattle are weighed. The intramuscular fat percentage is determined at the 12th–13th rib of the live cattle. Intramuscular fat percentage in the alive animal tin can be related to the degree of marbling in the carcass equally cattle abound in the feedlot. An example is shown in Fig. half dozen.31, Example A. Feedlot management can use this information as a guide on how long to feed cattle to obtain the nearly profitable render on investments based on the original feeder cattle prices as well every bit feed costs.

Marbling score is the primary determinant for the quality (Prime, Choice, Select) grades of beef carcasses, and a major toll difference often exists between Select and Choice grades in almost markets. Therefore the feedlot managers volition residuum the value event of weight, subcutaneous fat thickness (Yield grade Value), and intramuscular fat percentage (Quality class Value) with feed efficiency of the cattle when decisions are made to market the cattle for harvest to the packer.

The feedlot managers have several options to consider when they market cattle. Marketing cattle on a live weight basis is the one-time method that has been in place for years. The purchase price (bid) for the cattle may be from a packer heir-apparent or from a toll determined at the sale barn. The price is for the live weight and is unremarkably expressed as the dollars per hundred weight. For this pick, carcass information is non usually reported dorsum to the owner of the cattle.

Some other option for the feedlot managers is to sell the cattle for the value of the hot carcass weight. This is oftentimes chosen selling in the beef by the industry. It is used when dressing percent is difficult to evaluate, such as dirty weather of the hide of cattle. Unremarkably this option includes the value based on a truckload of cattle. In this organisation, the producer or feedlot owner is responsible for the trim loss of the carcass that occurs before the hot carcass weight is obtained. In this marketing option, the packer can obtain the carcass traits such as carcass grade, marbling, and subcutaneous fat and return the information to the feedlot direction or possessor of the cattle.

A third marketing selection is the Grid method. When cattle are sold on the filigree choice, the packer provides a price for each carcass and provides the 12th–13th rib fatty thickness, rib-centre area, and degree of marbling. The carcass Yield grades and Quality grades are also provided.

An example of a Filigree Marketing Program that promotes college carcass prices for cattle that have a Quality form of Choice and a Yield grade of i or 2 will be described later. Only a express number of cattle have these traits. Therefore a Grid Marketing Program for Choice Quality grades and Yield grades of 1 or two tin be used by the industry for pick programs to improve the genetic base of operations and strengthen the marketing programs for cattle with a low amount of subcutaneous fat and a loftier amount of marbling. An example for cattle with these traits is shown in Fig. half-dozen.31 (Example B) when they enter the feedlot until harvest. Information technology is important to market place these cattle when they grade Pick and before they deposit more than 0.three   in. of fat at the twelfth and 13th rib.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/commodity/pii/B9780128152775000068

Investigating Feedlot Respiratory Disease Outbreaks

Larry C. Hollis , in Nutrient Animal Practice (Fifth Edition), 2009

Assemble THE PERTINENT HISTORY

The initial contact by feedlot personnel will draw the reason for their concern. As information about the cattle and situation is put together, a mental picture will brainstorm to develop. Questions should motility from general to specific. The normal starting betoken is a series of general questions, usually starting with asking nearly the region of the country where the cattle originated. The experienced feedlot veterinarian knows that a semiload of cattle purchased through an order buyer in a particular country may be made up of cattle originating from up to xl dissimilar farms located in x unlike states. The "origin" simply happens to be the home base for the guild buyer who assembled the load. Gathering this type of history helps the veterinarian decide that the cattle may have come from an area where cattle are commonly mismanaged or undermanaged, a mineral-deficient surface area, an area where tall fescue frequently creates a toxicity trouble, or where internal or external parasitism may be a major contributing cistron.

Specific history of the cattle should be obtained. What is the age, sexual activity, quality, and origin of the cattle? How were the cattle purchased or supplied to the feedlot—ranch/farm of origin, video auction, local auction barn, stocker or backgrounding operation, lodge buyer? If cattle were from multiple origins, how long did it take to put the load together? From which states were cattle assembled? Were cattle fresh at the time of purchase? Were cattle preconditioned? What products, procedures, and timing were included in any preconditioning plan? Was annihilation requested to be done to cattle at an social club buyer facility (due east.g., castrated, dehorned, vaccinated, mass medicated, individuals treated for affliction)? Were whatsoever things washed that were not requested or predictable before shipment? Were the trucks clean before the cattle were loaded? When did the trucks load upwardly and leave for the feedlot? What was the distance between the origin and the feedlot? How long were the trucks en route? Did the trucks encounter any delays? Answers to these questions help develop the mental flick further and provide additional insight into the overall situation.

Arrival history at the feedlot should then be obtained. What fourth dimension of solar day/dark did the trucks arrive? Did a qualified person sentry the cattle unload from the trucks? Did the cattle match the description of the society from a health status and freshness appearance, besides as number, sex activity, quality, etc.? Were there dead cattle on the truck or cattle that were obviously sick as they unloaded from the truck? What did the cattle do when they were placed in the receiving pen—explore the pen, search for feed and h2o, or lay down and residuum? Did the cattle appear dehydrated? Were the cattle bawling? How much did the cattle shrink from payweight at the point of origin to the inweight at the feedlot? Were answers based on memory, or were these items routinely recorded for each ready of cattle received at the feedlot? Once again, answers to these questions provide additional insight.

Processing history should be obtained next. How long were the cattle rested betwixt arrival at the feedlot and processing? Were backtags removed to see if the amount of hair retained on the backtag matched the amount of hair missing from the spot where the backtag was removed? Which vaccines were administered and what procedures were conducted during processing? How were the vaccines handled from the time of purchase until the actual time of administration to the animals? Were observations made for sick cattle before and during processing? Were temperatures taken equally animals were being processed? Were any delays encountered during processing? Were cattle mass medicated and, if so, with what production and dose? Has the processing crew experienced problems in the past? Were new personnel working on the processing crew the twenty-four hours the trouble cattle were processed? Were serial numbers recorded for products administered, also as the name of the individual administering each production? Were answers based on retention, or were these items routinely recorded for each set of cattle candy at the feedlot? All of these answers lead to more insight.

Transitioning to feed history should be obtained. What is the general history of this feedlot's ability to mix rations properly and deliver the correct ration to the correct pen of cattle on a timely basis? Were there whatsoever problems getting the cattle started on feed? How does this feedlot transition cattle from starting ration to finishing ration? Which ration step were the cattle on when the respiratory outbreak started? If the trouble occurred subsequently in the feeding period, were in that location any problems getting the cattle to step up through the intermediate rations to the superlative ration? Were there any feed-related problems at any time before the fourth dimension the respiratory outbreak occurred?

Time and location history should exist obtained. Is there only a single pen or several groups of cattle affected? Is it a generalized problem or localized to a specific expanse within the feedlot? Is there a pattern in the age, sexual practice, or arrival time of affected cattle? Is the affected section of the feedlot served by a specific treatment facility? Did the problem arise following a weekend, vacation, or major social event when feedlot employees might have been preoccupied? Are at that place new pen riders or new members of the treatment crew? How well do they know their jobs? Has the veterinarian observed them doing their jobs?

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416035916101289

General Systemic States

In Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), 2017

Control

Shade alone is the almost of import factor in maintaining the comfort of livestock and preventing heat stress. Shade reduces the oestrus gain from solar radiation and can exist provided by copse or artificially by roofs or shades made from material or artificial fabric. Shades should be placed over feed and where the producer wants the animals to spend their time. The efficiency of metal shades tin exist increased past painting metallic shades white on the topside and black on the underside. A north–south orientation will permit drying under the shades equally the shaded area moves throughout the day; this may be helpful in decreasing the incidence of coliform mastitis if sprinklers are used under the shades and cattle prefer to lie under the shades than in freestalls.

In dairy and feedlot cattle, the following measures should be taken to manage heat stress:

•

Provide cool clean h2o and plenty of trough space for drinking.

•

Use shades and intermittent sprinkler systems (wet time of 1–two min with an adequate dry off time of 20–30 min); continuous application of water increases the local humidity and decreases the effectiveness of evaporative cooling.

•

Enhance airflow by fans or by providing mounds for cattle to stand on.

•

Adjust rations and feed a larger percentage of the ration in the evening when it is cooler.

•

Minimize handling during periods of greatest oestrus stress.

•

Select cattle based on breed and coat characteristics, and house the near susceptible cattle (heavy, black) on eastward-sloping lots with the nearly shade; genetic studies accept identified genes associated with resistance to heat stress in dairy cattle. i,6

In exercising horses, periodic rests in the shade with fans and water sprinklers and maintaining a normal hydration status can exist very helpful in preventing oestrus stress. Monitoring the centre charge per unit is a useful and applied method of assessing the degree of heat stress in horses, because eye rates remain elevated for a longer period of time in horses undergoing heat stress.

If animals have to be confined under weather condition of high temperatures and humidity, the use of tranquilizing drugs has been recommended to reduce unnecessary activity. However, care is needed because blood pressure level falls and the animals may accept difficulty losing heat if the environment is very hot and in some cases may gain heat. Chlorpromazine, for example, has been shown to increase significantly the survival rate of pigs exposed to heat and humidity stress.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702052460000048

Diseases of the Liver

In Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), 2017

Treatment

F. necrophorum is susceptible in vitro to β-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincomycins only is resistant to aminoglycosides and ionophore antibiotics. 2 The apparent sensitivity of this gram-negative pathogen to penicillin and cephalosporins is peculiar even based on its jail cell wall construction. 2

Liver abscess in feedlot cattle is not clinical and not routinely treated as a clinical illness. In clinical disease associated with liver abscess, prolonged treatment with high doses of antimicrobials is required if therapeutic concentrations are to exist achieved at the site of infection. Relapse is common because of incomplete control of the localized infection.

Handling and Command

Treatment

Procaine penicillin Yard (44,000 IU/kg IM every 24 h long term) (R-two)

Oxytetracycline (ten mg/kg IM every 24 h or long-acting conception 20 mg/kg every 72 h long term) (R-2)

Ampicillin trihydrate (10 mg/kg SC or IM every 24 h long term) (R-2)

Control

Tylosin (ninety mg/animal PO every 24 h long term) (R-one)

Chlortetracycline (lxx mg/brute PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Oxytetracycline (75 mg/fauna PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Virginiamycin (xvi.5–19.8 mg/kg PO every 24 h long term) (R-1)

Vaccination

Vaccination with Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxoid/Trueperella pyogenes bacterin vaccines. (R-1)

IM, intramuscularly; PO, orally; SC, subcutaneously.

Read total chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702052460000097